Act+3+Orbits

this is a diagram of the earth orbiting the sun and its shape. In the diagram it shows were the earth is at Aphelion and perihelion. Aphelion simply describes the moment when the earth is farthest away from the sun. During aphelion is when earths orbital is the slowest. Perihelion is the exact opposite of aphelion. Perihelion describes the moment when the earth is closet to the sun. This is also the time when the earth is orbiting at its fastest speed. By: Shelby Moinette

__**//Activity 3 TAI PG.E28//**__ **//The shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is circular or oval.//** **//A change in the shape of the Earth's orbit or its axis would affect the total degree of the Earth's position to theSun.//** **//It would cause Earth to be warmer if close to the Sun and cooler if further from the Sun.//** **//Basically, the Earth's orbit around its axis causes the changes in the temperature.//** **//BY: Godwin Djokoto//**

__ **Activity 3 Geo Words** __ ** Eccentricity - The ratio of the distance between the foci and the length of the major axis of an ellipse.** ** Coma - A spherical cloud of material surrounding the head of a comet. This material is mostly gas that the Sun has caused to boil off the comet's icy nucleus. A cometary coma can extend up to a million miles from the nucleus.** ** Precession - Slow motion of the axis of the Earth around a cone, one cycle in about 26,000 years, due to the gravitational tugs by the Sun, Moon and major planets.** ** Orbital Plane - (Also called the ecliptic or plane of the ecliptic). A plane formed by the path of Earth around the Sun.** ** Inclination - The angle between the orbital plane of the solar system and the actual orbit of an object around the Sun.**
 * By - Jade Miller **

__** Kepler's laws: **__ First Law: The orbit around each planet around the sun is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. Second Law: Explains that as a planet moves around the sun in its orbit it covers equal areas at equal sounds. Third Law: The time a planet takes to complete one orbit is related to its average distance from the sun. **By: Chelsea Blanton**

Notes: Earth's rotation is currently tilted at an angle of 23.5º. The greater the tilt of the Earth is, the more solar energy we receive. This is how summer and winter are determined, by the tilt of the Earth. This is also what could have caused past ice ages. By: Morgan Mueller

**Digging Deeper- Precession & Inclination **
====Precession is the slight spinning //wobble// of Earth. It is caused by the differences in the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the Earth. It takes 25,725 years for the Earth's wobble to complete a cycle. ==== ====Inclination is the tilt of Pluto's motion around the sun. All the planets stay in a normal range of orbit called orbital plane. Pluto is different than the other planets and has a tilit of 17.1 degrees called the inclination. ====

Check Your Understanding:
==== 1. Eccentricity measures ellipses. Zero is for a circle and one is for a straight line. An ellipse is the shape planets make when they orbit the Sun. Eccentricity is the number that describes the shape the orbits make. The more flattened the ellipse the greater the eccentricity. ====

==== 2.) The one with the more eccentricity would be the ellipse with a foci of 20 cm because the more elongated the shape of an ellipse the greater the eccentricity. E= D/L ... 15/25 = .60 & 20/25 = .80. ====

By: Gabby Garibaldi
Check Your Understanding (continued):

3. The procession of the Earth’s axis effects the seasons because it causes the timing of the seasons change. The procession cause the Earth to tilt and the tilt causes the seasons. 4. There is a danger that a large asteroid might strike the Earth because the Earth is close to an asteroid belt. By: Lily Hughes

Eccentricity and Ellipse: Ellipse is the shape and eccentricity describes the shape. the are directly related the more flattened the ellipse the more eccentric the orbit. the closer the eccentricity to 0 the more circular the ellipse. Also the closer to the sun the more eccentric the orbit and the further away the less eccentric the orbit is. By: Lea Kincaid

** Precession: **
==== Earths slight wobble is called precession. It is caused by a difference in the gravity pull of the sun, moon, and earth. precession takes about 25.725 years for the wobble to complete the cycle. There are two types of precession: axial and orbital. ==== -Hannah Albritton

Axial Tilt (Obliquity):
=== Earth's axis of rotation is now tilted at angle of 23.5 degrees to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun. If a cycle lasts about 41,000 years, the tilt would vary anywhere from 22.1 degrees to 24.5 degrees. The bigger the angle of tilt is, the bigger the difference in solar energy. This small change and other long-term changes in Earth's orbit is thought to be the reason behind the Earth's ice ages. ===

By: Taylor Smith
Due to both types of precession, astronomers have identified three types of years: which are the sidereal year 365,256 days which is one orbit in respect to distant stars, anomalistic year 365,259 days which is the length of time it takes for the Earth to travel from its closest point to its farthest point of the sun and back again and, the last year is the tropical year 365,242 days, the duration from one spring equinox to the next. BY:KATHRINE JACQUES

Digging Deeper-Inclination Pg E33 Inclination is the motion of orbit a planet rests on. All planets that except Pluto stay within a narrow range called Orbital tilt. Plutos orbit is inclined at 17,1 around the sun. This 17.1 degree path is whats called its Tilt or orbital Inlcination. Every orbiting body in space such as the planets,asteroids, and comets all rest on and orbital tilt and have different measurments of inclination between each other. By:Nick Mehler

Earths slight wobble is called precession. The precession is caused by the difference in gravity pull from the moon and the earth. It takes roughly 25,725 years for years for the wobble to complete the cycle. Types of precession are both axial and orbital. By: Brittany Stocker
 * Precession **

Axial Tilt (Obliquity)- Luke Bickerstaff The Earths axis of rotation is now tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees to the plane of the Earths orbit around the sun. over a cycle lasting about 41,000 years, the axial tilt varies from 22.1 degrees to 24.5 degrees. The greater the angle of tilt, the greater the difference in solar energy and temperature between summer and winter.

Keplers second law states that as a planet orbits around the sun it cover equal areas in equal times. As a planet orbits the sun, it speeds up as it approaches the sun and swings around at a fast pace until it again is leaving the sun. Once leaving the sun the planet slows down. Although the planets are going different speeds at different times, they are covering an area of an equal area. -Tommy Rutt Comets Comets are "loners" that periodically visit the inner solar system. They usually originate in the outer solar system. They have very high-inclination orbits- some as much as 30 degrees from the plane of the solar system. In addition, their orbits are often highly eccentric. Astronomers also search the skies for comet. Once a comet is discovered, its orbit is calculated and the comet is observed as it moves closer to the sun and changes.
 * Keplers second Law**

**__ Notes __** Planetary scientists have found what some solar-system objects have highly elliptical orbits. Comets are a well known example. As they move closer to the sun, the icy mix that makes up a comets necleus begins to turn into gas and steam away. The result is a ghostley looking tail and a fuzzy shroud. – KORY SANDERS J  ===Comets are "loners" that periodically visit the inner solar system.They usually originate in the outer solar system. They have very high-inclination orbits - some as much as as 30* from the plane of the solar system. In addition, their orbits are often highly eccentric.=== -Joshua Kirtley

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BY ELISE CORTIE
 * Earths slight wobble is called precession. The precession is caused by the difference in gravity pull from the moon and the earth. It takes roughly 25,725 years for years for the wobble to complete the cycle. Types of precession are both axial and orbital.**=====
 * -Gage Chumney**
 * NOTES:**
 * There are four things that one should know about Orbits and Effect. These four things are Eccentricity, Axial Tilt, Precession, and Inclination**
 * **Eccentricity has to do with the flatness of an ellipse, and the flatter the elipse, the greater the eccentricity.**
 * **Axial Tilt is when the Earth or any other planet looks tilted it is really revolving around it's Axis, which always runs vertically. The greater the angle of tilt, the greater the difference in solar energy, and therefore temperature.**
 * The Earth has a slight wobble and this wobble is called the Precession of the Earth's axis. It is caused by differences in the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on the Earth.
 * Pluto's path around the sun is inclined 17.1 degrees from the plane described by the Earth's motion around the Sun. This 17.1 degree tilt is called its orbital INCLINATION